生活中(zhong)的(de)(de)很多行(xing)業的(de)(de)發展與(yu)水(shui)下(xia)(xia)作業都是離不(bu)開的(de)(de)，有(you)時候(hou)一(yi)些行(xing)業所(suo)在的(de)(de)領域都有(you)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)品牌， 特地給大(da)家介(jie)紹一(yi)下(xia)(xia)江(jiang)蘇錦富(fu)能源工程有(you)限(xian)公司
幾類水下作(zuo)業工具分析比較－江蘇錦富(fu)能源工程有限公(gong)司
水下作業常用的(de)機械工具(ju)有(you)帶鋸、 鏈鋸、 砂輪機、 鉆孔器(qi)、 沖擊扳手、 沖擊鉆、 清(qing)洗刷、 鋼纜切割器(qi)等(deng)。驅動(dong)工具(ju)的(de)動(dong)力源有(you)手動(dong)、 電(dian)動(dong)、 氣(qi)動(dong)及液(ye)壓等(deng)。
初潛(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)員是借用(yong)(yong)陸(lu)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)手動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)在(zai)水(shui)下(xia)(xia)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)，屬勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)密集型(xing)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)，完全依靠潛(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)員的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)能和經(jing)驗，潛(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)員的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)力(li)消耗(hao)大(da)(da)，在(zai)水(shui)下(xia)(xia)持續(xu)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)的(de)(de)時間(jian)短，受制約的(de)(de)因(yin)素多，因(yin)而作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)效率(lv)低， 施工(gong)(gong)周(zhou)期(qi)長， 作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)深度和范圍受到很大(da)(da)限制， 而且危(wei)險性(xing)大(da)(da)。為了減輕潛(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)員的(de)(de)勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)強度、 提高作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)效率(lv)、 縮短施工(gong)(gong)周(zhou)期(qi)( 這(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)搶險救生作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)中極其(qi)重要(yao)(yao)) ，人(ren)們在(zai)陸(lu)用(yong)(yong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上發展(zhan)了水(shui)下(xia)(xia)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)， 包括電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)、 氣動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)、 液壓(ya)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)等， 這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)不(bu)僅便于(yu)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)員進行(xing)水(shui)下(xia)(xia)手持作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)， 更重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)是適于(yu)水(shui)下(xia)(xia)機械手和機器人(ren)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)來驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，原(yuan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機，， 目前(qian)有適于(yu)水(shui)下(xia)(xia)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)半干式和濕式專用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機，可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)各種水(shui)深下(xia)(xia)運轉(zhuan)，但要(yao)(yao)求電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機對海水(shui)完全密封(feng)， 需(xu)要(yao)(yao)復雜的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)纜絕緣(yuan)系統、 開關、 插(cha)座(zuo)及其(qi)他(ta)部(bu)分。為安(an)全起見， 潛(qian)(qian)(qian)水(shui)員要(yao)(yao)有很好(hao)的(de)(de)防電(dian)(dian)擊保(bao)護措(cuo)施，且需(xu)要(yao)(yao)減速(su)器降低電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機轉(zhuan)速(su)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)比相應(ying)的(de)(de)液壓(ya)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)重 5～10 倍、 體(ti)(ti)積也大(da)(da)好(hao)幾(ji)倍，在(zai)水(shui)下(xia)(xia)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)很不(bu)方便，其(qi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)可靠性(xing)差。 基(ji)于(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)原(yuan)因(yin)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)一(yi)般只在(zai)無法使(shi)用(yong)(yong)氣動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)或液壓(ya)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)時用(yong)(yong)于(yu)完成部(bu)分短時間(jian)的(de)(de)水(shui)下(xia)(xia)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。
氣(qi)動(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)用(yong)(yong)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)空氣(qi)來驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)，常采用(yong)(yong)開(kai)式系統(tong)， 壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)空氣(qi)作功后直(zhi)接在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)下排放，因(yin)而(er)(er)噪聲大，放出(chu)的氣(qi)泡會影響(xiang)潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)員(yuan)或操作員(yuan)的視覺，甚至會導致潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)員(yuan)惡心(xin)和嘔吐(tu)。 此(ci)外(wai)，海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)進入氣(qi)動(dong)(dong)元(yuan)件，會使(shi)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)的可靠(kao)性和壽(shou)命大大降低，因(yin)此(ci)需(xu)要頻繁的維護;而(er)(er)且隨著潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)深度(du)的增(zeng)加，平衡水(shui)(shui)(shui)深的壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)也隨著增(zeng)加，耗氣(qi)量(liang)劇增(zeng)，能耗很大，工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)的效率急劇降低， 設備(bei)的體(ti)(ti)積(ji)、重(zhong)量(liang)也急劇增(zeng)加; 動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)源的輸(shu)出(chu)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)需(xu)隨著作業(ye)深度(du)的不同進行相應(ying)的調(diao)整(zheng)，以(yi)保證工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)效的作業(ye)功率， 壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)控制(zhi)復雜。 在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)下動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)，氣(qi)動(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)設備(bei)多是(shi)體(ti)(ti)積(ji).因(yin)此(ci)，氣(qi)動(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)一般僅(jin)在(zai)50m 水(shui)(shui)(shui)深以(yi)淺區域使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)以(yi)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)的壓(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)能作為(wei)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)來驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)工(gong)(gong)作，它與電動(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)及氣(qi)動(dong)(dong)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)相比，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命長，性能可靠(kao)， 能均勻地調(diao)速，不需(xu)減速裝置具(ju)(ju)有(you)單位功率重(zhong)量(liang)輕(qing)、 體(ti)(ti)積(ji)小、 輸(shu)出(chu)功率大、特性平穩等優(you)點， 已廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于中(zhong)(zhong)、 淺深度(du)作業(ye)，并開(kai)始(shi)用(yong)(yong)于大深度(du)到(dao)極限深度(du)作業(ye)。 在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)下作業(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong) 多，水(shui)(shui)(shui)下機器(qi)人及機械手使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的幾乎(hu)全部是(shi)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)。 但傳(chuan)統(tong)的液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)是(shi)以(yi)礦物型液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)油為(wei)工(gong)(gong)作介質(zhi)， 由于礦物型液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)油與海(hai)(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)不相容系統(tong)必須設計成閉式循環系統(tong)，因(yin)而(er)(er)存(cun)在(zai)一些(xie)難以(yi)克服的弊端(duan)。具(ju)(ju)體(ti)(ti)表現為(wei):
( 1) 液(ye)壓油(you)和環境海(hai)水(shui)不可避免地會相互滲漏，不僅污染環境， 也加(jia)速系(xi)統元件的損(sun)壞，
大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低工具可靠性與使用壽命。
( 2) 使用液壓油存在潛在的火(huo)災危險。
( 3) 因液壓(ya)油(you)(you)的(de)粘(zhan)度(du)大，且其粘(zhan)溫(wen)、 粘(zhan)壓(ya)系(xi)(xi)數(shu)大，隨(sui)著作業深(shen)度(du)、 范圍的(de)擴大， 系(xi)(xi)統進油(you)(you)管(guan)和回油(you)(you)管(guan)的(de)沿程損失增(zeng)大; 同(tong)時需平衡水深(shen)壓(ya)力(li)，使得油(you)(you)壓(ya)工(gong)具的(de)效率大大降低。 另(ling)外，為保(bao)證有效的(de)驅動(dong)功(gong)率， 需隨(sui)著作業深(shen)度(du)的(de)增(zeng)加， 調整(zheng)動(dong)力(li)源的(de)輸出壓(ya)力(li)，壓(ya)力(li)控制(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)方(fang)便(bian)。 盡管(guan)可采(cai)用(yong)壓(ya)力(li)補償的(de)方(fang)法解決(jue)后一(yi)問題，但設備的(de)體(ti)積、 重量和復雜程度(du)增(zeng)加， 制(zhi)(zhi)造和維護(hu)困難。
( 4) 在有海(hai)(hai)浪、 海(hai)(hai)流、 暗流或深水環境中作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)，連接在工具上的進(jin)油管和回油管要(yao)受到很(hen)大(da)的作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)力作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)，水下作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)提高效(xiao)率， 潛水員(yuan)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)時的附加作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)力很(hen)大(da)
( 5) 難以在水下更(geng)換作(zuo)業工具或進行簡單的維(wei)修。鑒于上述(shu)原(yuan)因 油(you)壓工具一般(ban)應用在中、 淺深(shen)度場(chang)合(he)。
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